A distributed cloud is an architecture where multiple clouds are used to meet compliance needs, performance requirements, or support edge computing while being centrally managed from the public cloud provider.

In essence, a distributed cloud service is a public cloud that runs in multiple locations, including

• The public cloud provider’s infrastructure
  
• On-premises at end customer locations in the data center or at the edge
  
• In another cloud provider’s data center
• On third party or colocation center hardware

Although there are multiple locations and geographies involved, all of the cloud services are managed as on from a single control plane that handles the differences and inconsistencies in such a hybrid, multi-cloud environment.

This distribution of services enables an organization to meet very specific requirements for response time and performance, regulatory or governance compliance mandate, or other demand requiring cloud infrastructure to be located anywhere other than the cloud provider’s typical availability zones.

The growth of the internet of things (IoT) and edge computing have been a major driver for distributed cloud deployments. Artificial intelligence (AI) applications that move large amounts of data from edge locations to the cloud require cloud services to be close as possible to edge locations, and moving cloud resources to the edge location itself can greatly increase performance for these applications.

Additionally, the ever-increasing number of government regulations such as the EU’s GDPR can demand that data be located in specific jurisdictions which may or may not be supported by a given public cloud provider, thus making a distributed cloud a necessity.

By bringing cloud services closer to a given user, application, or data, distributed clouds can offer

• Reduced latency
• Lowered or eliminated network congestion
• Guaranteed quality of service (QoS) for mission critical application and mobile users
  

There are many benefits of a distributed cloud architecture. Gartner points to these as noteworthy:

• Increased compliance. Distributed by nature, workloads, and data can be located where they must be to meet regulatory demands.
  
• Increased uptime. Since cloud services can reside on local subnets, they can be isolated – even untethered from the main cloud – when needed to ensure they are isolated from a crashed system to provide redundancy.
• Scalability: Adding VMs or nodes as needed enables not only rapid scalability but also improves the overall availability of the cloud system as a whole.
• Flexibility: Distributed clouds simplify the installation, deployment, and debugging of new services.
• Faster processing. Distributed systems can be faster by leveraging compute of multiple systems for a given task. Also, the distributed cloud enables more responsive communications for specific regions.
• Performance. Unlike centralized computer network clusters, the distributed cloud can provide higher performance and better cost performance.

In a distributed cloud, services are located or ‘distributed’ to specific locations to reduce latency and these services enjoy a single, consistent control place across public and private cloud environments. Gartner states that organizations can see major performance gains by lowering latency and reducing the can deliver major improvements in performance due to the elimination of latency issues, reducing overall risk of outage or control plane inefficiencies.

A distributed cloud takes not just an application but the entire computing stack and distributes it to the locations where it is needed, whether public cloud provider, on-premises, or in third party colocation facility. The consuming cloud customer sees this distributed infrastructure as a single cloud entity, and the cloud provider manages all of the elements of the distributed cloud as a whole from a single control plane.

The public cloud provider continues to be responsible for all cloud operations, including security, availability, updates, and governance of the entire distributed infrastructure. To paraphrase Gartner, distributed cloud fixes what hybrid cloud and multi-cloud breaks.

• Traditional Cloud Computing is the delivery of IT resources and services on demand, including servers, storage, and databases, to name a few. These services are typically provided over the public internet or private network connection from one of many hyperscale cloud providers. Cloud services can be categorized as public cloud, private cloud (including on-premises data centers), hybrid cloud (the combination of public and private), and multi-cloud (including multiple public cloud providers).
• Distributed Cloud Computing discards the categories of public, private, hybrid, and multi-cloud. The distributed cloud presents to the user organization as a single cloud platform, but in reality, it is comprised of multiple components that can include ‘all of the above – public cloud elements from the primary provider and one or more of its competitors, private cloud or enterprise data center, and third-party colocation partner. These varied elements are all managed as one by the primary cloud provider and consumed as one by the ultimate customer.